1. Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has been one of the most significant global challenges of the 21st century. From its origin in Wuhan, China, to its rapid spread worldwide, the virus has reshaped nearly …
1. Introduction Corruption is a deep-rooted issue that affects societies worldwide, weakening governance, diminishing economic growth, and eroding public trust. It involves the misuse of power, authority, or resources for personal gain, leading to a decline in moral values and …